By Venetia Mitchell, Talbot & Talbot: Laboratory Liaison Manager

Laboratory testing of various chemical, microbiological and physiological parameters of borehole and potable water sources (drinking water) is imperative to water service providers and household users of a borehole water source.  Results of analyses from water testing laboratories provide third party verification of the quality of drinking water sources and the suitability of water sources for human consumption.

When advising of water quality testing requirements of a drinking water source, a laboratory takes the items listed below into account as this assists in determining the parameters that should be tested as well as the frequency of sampling.

• Location of the sampling site, e.g. at a treatment works or a distribution tap.
• Number of persons being serviced by the sample site, e.g. is the borehole source a single household use or community based.
• When last the water source was tested and any previous results of analyses that are available.
• The requirements of the South African National Standard on drinking water, SANS 241:2011.
• Whether a customer will use the water source for another purpose such as livestock watering or bottling.
• Whether the borehole source is newly drilled or an existing source.

While exploring these items with a customer, the laboratory would also establish whether there is a need for once off sampling or whether recommendations on routine monitoring would be more beneficial to the customer.

Sampling of borehole or potable water sources is sometimes undertaken by the laboratory (where this service is available) but is more often undertaken by the customer to the laboratory.  The customers are a diverse group and may comprise but not limited to individual users such as farmers, consultants, water service providers or water bottlers.

In cases where the sampling is performed by the laboratory, there is control over the procedures used and the integrity of the sample is known.  However, in the instance where the customer undertakes their own sampling, the laboratory can only exert a certain degree of control by providing appropriate sample bottles and written instruction on sampling.

The preservation of sample integrity between the sample site and the laboratory is vital and samples should ideally be returned to the laboratory within four to six hours of sampling.  If this is not practical, it is advised that the customer refrigerate or keep the samples cooled in cooler packs while in transit to the testing facility.

On arrival at the laboratory, the samples are processed in accordance with the customer’s initial testing request and within the parameters of the laboratory’s quality management system.  The laboratory controls the reliability and integrity of the results within this management system where established policies and procedures form the basis of such a system.  This system maintains confidence in the validity of the results and provides a foundation for technical competence and customer service at the laboratory.

An established quality management system would be formally documented and audited as part of the laboratory’s on-going management.  In some instances, laboratories formalise this into an accreditation to an international standard, such as ISO 17025:2005.

Challenges experienced on sample arrival at the laboratory comprise both operational and administrative aspects and could be encompassed within the broad categories noted below.

Sample receipt

Sample arrival at the laboratory is not always accompanied by direct instruction from the customer and may involve consultation on submission to clarify testing requirements.  This may consist of direct discussion on arrival or further telephonic or e-mail correspondence if samples arrive via courier.

It is imperative that the laboratory captures the initial request correctly as this affects the way the laboratory handles the sample and also interprets the results of analyses.

Technical operations

Methodologies applied:

The technical methods adopted in a laboratory should be relevant to the service offered and the customer requirements.  Water testing methods are standardised through internationally standardised methods and adopted locally in South Africa by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS).  Even though these methods are standardised, the laboratory needs to confirm that the methodology applied within their own environment is within the acceptable limits of the methods.

This validation is carried out using various approaches including but not limited to inter-laboratory comparisons, calibration using reference standards or comparison of results achieved with other methods.

A certain degree of uncertainty of measurement is also introduced in any laboratory and this should be determined for each of the methods applied.  This uncertainty of measurement is calculated taking various parameters into consideration.  These include but are not limited to parameters such as human factors, environmental conditions and sample handling and preservation.

Maintenance and calibration of equipment:

All equipment used in a laboratory should be maintained within a maintenance schedule and this plan would cover routine and non-routine maintenance, calibration and unique identification of the equipment.

Records of all maintenance must be kept current and any maintenance traceable to the person performing the maintenance.

Staff training and competence:

All staff performing work within the laboratory must be deemed competent to undertake the tests for which they are responsible.  Laboratory staff training of suitably qualified science graduates is usually supported by an extensive training and competence plan and only once deemed competent would an Analyst be equipped to perform certain laboratory tests.

Reporting

When all results of analyses are available, a quality check of all the data is undertaken to ensure data integrity and technical accuracy.  This data quality check encompasses checking all quality control aspects of the tests, calculation and transcription checks and a cation-anion balance.

A final report reflects the results accompanied by an interpretation of the data in accordance with the customer’s original request.  Generally for samples collected from borehole and potable water sources, the objective of the testing is to understand the suitability of the source for human consumption.

The report would reflect the results of analyses and a comparison to the South African National Standards for drinking water (SANS 241:2011).  Further to this, an explanation of the results would be provided to offer the customer an understanding of the results in terms of how they compare to the SANS 241 limits for drinking water.  Where the results are outside these limits, the laboratory offers an explanation on the effects of these exceedances and also provides suggestions on mitigation measures.

The water testing facility generally offers a holistic service in that there is consultation from first contact with the customer in providing advice and a quotation for the work, sampling in some instances, testing the samples, reporting the results of analyses and advising on water quality and mitigation measures.

Talbot Laboratories is an accredited water testing facility based in Pietermaritzburg, in the Kwa-Zulu Natal midlands that offer the service described above.  The customer base comprises customers within the South African borders as well as customers based in African countries such as Mozambique, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam and Kenya.